Article 15 August 2024 | Open Access Magnetocaloric effect of topological excitations in Kitaev magnets Recently, frustrated quantum magnets have attracted interest for magnetocaloric applications. Here, using numerical calculations, the authors find a pronounced demagnetization cooling effect in the Kitaev magnets, ascribed to fractionalized topological excitations in the Kitaev quantum spin liquid regime. Han Li, Enze Lv & Gang Su Article 15 August 2024 | Open Access Enable biomass-derived alcohols mediated alkylation and transfer hydrogenation Using carbonyl compounds or alcohols as alkylating reagents for the synthesis of α-alkylated nitriles is appealing from a sustainability perspective. Here, a single-atom catalyst with Zn–N4 motifs acting as Lewis acid sites effectively activates alcohols, thus promoting various alkylation and transfer hydrogenation reactions using biomass-derived alcohols as both the alkylating reagents and hydrogen donors. Xixi Liu, Liang Huang & Zehui Zhang Article 15 August 2024 | Open Access Secondary integrated analysis of multi-tissue transcriptomic responses to a combined lifestyle intervention in older adults from the GOTO nonrandomized trial Molecular effects of lifestyle interventions are typically studied within one tissue, neglecting potential shared responses across tissues. Here, the authors show that subcutaneous adipose tissue RNA levels best capture health benefits of the intervention and identified joint effects among blood, subcutaneous adipose tissue and muscle tissue RNA levels. F. A. Bogaards, T. Gehrmann & P. E. Slagboom Article 15 August 2024 | Open Access Fast and deep phosphoproteome analysis with the Orbitrap Astral mass spectrometer Protein phosphorylation plays critical roles in myriad cell processes. In this work, the authors apply new mass spectrometer technology to detect and quantify tens of thousands of protein phosphorylation sites within one hour or less of analysis. This technology has potential to greatly accelerate biological discovery. Noah M. Lancaster, Pavel Sinitcyn & Joshua J. Coon Article 14 August 2024 | Open Access Anomalous lattice thermal conductivity increase with temperature in cubic GeTe correlated with strengthening of second-nearest neighbor bonds Anomalous lattice thermal conductivity increase with temperature in cubic GeTe is correlated with strengthening of second-nearest neighbor bonds at temperatures near that of the phase transition, enhancing our understanding of thermal transport in phase-change materials. Samuel Kielar, Chen Li & Zhiting Tian Article 14 August 2024 | Open Access Automatic heliostat learning for in situ concentrating solar power plant metrology with differentiable ray tracing Solar tower power plants’ efficiency is hindered due to component defects such as heliostat misalignment and surface deformations. Authors propose machine learning with differentiable ray tracing to identify these errors from calibration images and predict irradiance profiles, enhancing operational efficiency. Max Pargmann, Jan Ebert & Stefan Kesselheim Article 14 August 2024 | Open Access Strain-release driven reactivity of a chiral SuFEx reagent provides stereocontrolled access to sulfinamides, sulfonimidamides, and sulfoximines Spatially defined molecular functionality serves as the foundation to construct unique chemical space to further advance discovery science. Herein the authors report a third functional feature of t-BuSF enabled by carbamoyl torsional strain-release that further expands the S(IV) and S(VI) chemical space. Paresh R. Athawale, Zachary P. Shultz & Justin M. Lopchuk Article 14 August 2024 | Open Access Suppressing torsional buckling in auxetic meta-shells In this work, authors show auxetic cylindrical shells (meta-shells) with periodicities along helical paths that trigger radial contraction when twisted. The contraction coincides with a softening followed by a stiffening that ultimately circumvent the torsional buckling under large torsional deformation. Aref Ghorbani, Mohammad J. Mirzaali & Mehdi Habibi Article 14 August 2024 | Open Access Identification of K+-determined reaction pathway for facilitated kinetics of CO2 electroreduction The role of cations in the CO2 electroreduction is crucial, but elusive. Here, the authors combine electrokinetic on a well-defined single-atom catalyst with grand canonical potential kinetics simulations to provide an in-depth study of the interaction of K + -ions with adsorbed CO2−. Feng Wu, Xiaokang Liu & Yuen Wu Article 14 August 2024 | Open Access Probing coherent quantum thermodynamics using a trapped ion It has been predicted that a quantum system in the presence of quantum friction (which describes creation of coherence in the instantaneous energy basis) violates the usual work fluctuation-dissipation relation. Here, the authors confirm this hypothesis using a trapped ion. O. Onishchenko, G. Guarnieri & F. Schmidt-Kaler Article 14 August 2024 | Open Access Selective excitation of vibrations in a single molecule The authors demonstrate selective excitation of atomic vibrations in a single molecule utilizing tip-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy, by precisely tuning the wavelength of the exciting laser to be resonant with the molecular vibronic transitions. Yang Luo, Shaoxiang Sheng & Manish Garg Article 14 August 2024 | Open Access Collective dynamics and long-range order in thermal neuristor networks Thermal neuristors based on VO2 have been suggested for neuromorphic computing. Here, authors show that neuristor arrays exhibit long-range order without criticality, revealing that it is not necessary for effective information processing in such systems, and challenging the critical brain hypothesis. Yuan-Hang Zhang, Chesson Sipling & Massimiliano Di Ventra Article 14 August 2024 | Open Access Chiral 3D structures through multi-dimensional transfer printing of multilayer quantum dot patterns 3D photonic nanostructures can manipulate the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light, but their bottom-up fabrication is hindered by limited structural control. Here, the authors present chiral 3D structures through multi-dimensional transfer printing of multilayer quantum dot patterns. Geon Yeong Kim, Shinho Kim & Yeon Sik Jung Article 14 August 2024 | Open Access Unassisted photoelectrochemical CO2-to-liquid fuel splitting over 12% solar conversion efficiency In this study, an unassisted photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction system is implemented, which demonstrated 100 h of operational durability and achieved a 12% solar-to-liquid fuel conversion efficiency under 1-sun illumination. Bilawal Khan, M. Bilal Faheem & Jr-Hau He Article 14 August 2024 | Open Access Elucidation of hemilabile-coordination-induced tunable regioselectivity in single-site Rh-catalyzed heterogeneous hydroformylation Unveiling the regulatory mechanism of regioselectivity in hydroformylation has been a significant challenge. Here the authors successfully demonstrate how hemilabile coordination influences regioselectivity by employing various in situ techniques. Benhan Fan, Miao Jiang & Yunjie Ding Article 14 August 2024 | Open Access Transition from Kwon [4+2]- to [3+2]-cycloaddition enabled by AgF-assisted phosphine catalysis Phosphine catalysis generally relies on the potential of carbanion phosphonium zwitterions that are generated via nucleophilic addition of phosphine catalyst to electrophilic reactants. Here, the authors demonstrate that AgF can be used as additive to expand phosphine catalysis. Jinlong Qian, Lijin Zhou & Xiaofeng Tong Article 14 August 2024 | Open Access Exo-chirality of the α-helix In α-helical folded peptides, the sequential repetition of amino acids generates a chiral layer defined by the amino acid side chains projected outside the amide backbone, and a general exo-helical symmetry model has not been described for the α-helix. Here, the authors introduce the exo-helical symmetry model of the α-helix that results from sequential repetition of amino acid residues and validate the topologies by computational methods and circular dichroism. Jose M. Martínez-Parra, Rebeca Gómez-Ojea & Julian Bergueiro Article 14 August 2024 | Open Access On-demand auxeticity and co-existing pre-tension induced compression stage in a sandwich design with kinematically constrained 3D suture tiles New tiled sandwich composites demonstrate on-demand auxeticity and a pseudo tensegrity deformation stage, achieving Poisson’s ratios from -∞ to +∞, maintaining stability under large deformation and increasing strength under tension and indentation. Richard J. Nash & Yaning Li Article 14 August 2024 | Open Access Machine learning enables the discovery of 2D Invar and anti-Invar monolayers Invar materials (characterized by a thermal expansion coefficient close to zero) have potential for thermal management applications, but their number is limited. Here, the authors report machine-learning-assisted high-throughput calculations to identify Invar and anti-Invar monolayers. Shun Tian, Ke Zhou & Yilun Liu Article 14 August 2024 | Open Access Wedging crystals to fabricate crystalline framework nanosheets via mechanochemistry Here authors use wedge molecules to directionally transmit mechanical force within three-dimensional crystalline frameworks. They fabricate various crystalline framework nanosheets including MOF, COF, and coordination polymer nanosheets. Yun Fan, Yu Shen & Weina Zhang Article 14 August 2024 | Open Access Measurement of the magnetic octupole susceptibility of PrV2Al20 Magnetic dipoles are the lowest order term in a multipolar expansion. The next allowed in centrosymmetric materials is a magnetic octupole, but this is notoriously difficult to probe experimentally, due to a lack of direct coupling to external fields. Here, Ye et al demonstrate a method to overcome this in PrV2Al20.” Linda Ye, Matthew E. Sorensen & Ian R. Fisher Article 14 August 2024 | Open Access Autonomous stabilization with programmable stabilized state Dissipative quantum state stabilization allows to protect entanglement against environmental noise, but requires complex Hamiltonian engineering which makes it hard to tune to different, arbitrary states. Here, the authors propose and demonstrate a scheme which allow to stabilize arbitrary quantum state from a continuous set, including maximally entangled states. Ziqian Li, Tanay Roy & David I. Schuster Article 13 August 2024 | Open Access Tailoring photocatalysts to modulate oxidative potential of anilides enhances para-selective electrochemical hydroxylation Phenolic compounds have long captivated the interest of organic synthesis, particularly in their quest for selective hydroxylation of arenes using H2O as a hydroxyl source but the inherent high reactivity and low redox potential of phenols often lead to undesirable overoxidation byproducts. Here the authors develop an electrophotochemical approach, finetuning substrate oxidative potential and enabling para-selective hydroxylation of anilides. Jianye Zhang, Zhaoliang Yang & Aiwen Lei Article 13 August 2024 | Open Access Indistinguishable photons from an artificial atom in silicon photonics Silicon is a very convenient platform for quantum photonic sources. Here, the authors realise an indistinguishable single-photon source in silicon photonics based on an artificial atom, performing high-resolution spectroscopy and time-delayed two-photon interference to probe the coherence of emitted photons. Lukasz Komza, Polnop Samutpraphoot & Alp Sipahigil Article 13 August 2024 | Open Access The solvation shell probed by resonant intermolecular Coulombic decay X-ray triggered non-local processes, such as Intermolecular Coulombic Decay, are shown here to selectively probe solvation-shell molecules in solution and provide new information on their electronic structure and on ion-pair formation. Rémi Dupuy, Tillmann Buttersack & Hendrik Bluhm Article 13 August 2024 | Open Access Pathfinder experiments with atom interferometry in the Cold Atom Lab onboard the International Space Station NASA’s Cold Atom Lab has operated on the International Space Station since 2018 to study quantum gases and mature quantum technologies in Earth’s orbit. Here, Williams et al., report on a series of pathfinding experiments exploring the first quantum sensor using atom interferometry in space. Jason R. Williams, Charles A. Sackett & Nicholas P. Bigelow Article 13 August 2024 | Open Access Self-reporting photodynamic nanobody conjugate for precise and sustainable large-volume tumor treatment Cancer therapy with nanobodies (Nbs) is limited by its effective accumulation at the tumor sites. Here the authors develop a Nile blue-based photosensitizer conjugating with pyrazolone-derived Nbs thereby achieving effective retention on tumor sites and suppressing tumor progression through photodynamic therapy. Yingchao Chen, Tao Xiong & Xiaojun Peng Matters Arising 13 August 2024 | Open Access Reply to: False conflict and false confirmation errors are crucial components of AI accuracy in medical decision making Christoph Wies, Katja Hauser & Titus J. Brinker Matters Arising 13 August 2024 | Open Access False conflict and false confirmation errors are crucial components of AI accuracy in medical decision making Rikard Rosenbacke, Åsa Melhus & David Stuckler Article 13 August 2024 | Open Access Harnessing the potential of acyl triazoles in bifunctional cobalt-catalyzed radical cross-coupling reactions Persistent radical-mediated cross-coupling has emerged as a powerful tool in organic synthesis for forging new C–C bonds. Here, the authors identify acyl triazoles as a versatile moiety for generating persistent radical intermediates through single-electron transfer processes, in the context of cobalt-catalysed carbon-carbon couplings under photoirradiation. Chang-Yin Tan & Sungwoo Hong Article 13 August 2024 | Open Access General synthesis of high-entropy single-atom nanocages for electrosynthesis of ammonia from nitrate Converting nitrate from waste sources into ammonia provides an effective method for both wastewater treatment and ammonia production. Here the authors report a scalable solution-phase synthesis of high-entropy single-atom nanocage catalysts for efficient nitrate-to-ammonia conversion. Sishuang Tang, Minghao Xie & Guihua Yu Article 13 August 2024 | Open Access Cyclododecane-based high-intactness and clean transfer method for fabricating suspended two-dimensional materials Here, the authors report a polymer-free transfer method to fabricate suspended 2D materials with high intactness and thermal conductivity, facilitating the application of graphene grids for high-resolution electron microscopy. Zhao Wang, Wenlin Liu & Hailin Peng Article 13 August 2024 | Open Access Magnetostriction, piezomagnetism and domain nucleation in a Kagome antiferromagnet Magnetostriction refers to the contraction or expansion of the crystal lattice of a magnetic material when a magnetic field is applied. Here, Meng et al show that Mn3Sn, a noncollinear antiferromagnet, hosts a large linear magnetostriction, which is driven by the field induced in-plane rotation of spins. Qingkai Meng, Jianting Dong & Kamran Behnia Article 13 August 2024 | Open Access Rapid and inexpensive synthesis of liter-scale SiC aerogels Damage-tolerant ceramic aerogels are valuable, yet their synthesis is time-consuming and expensive. Here we report a facile, low-cost combustion synthesis of SiC aerogels, at Liter scale. Further technological development may enable game-changer aerogels for extreme-environment applications. Lujia Han, Shile Chen & Jiangtao Li Article 13 August 2024 | Open Access Deterministic grayscale nanotopography to engineer mobilities in strained MoS2 FETs Improving the performance of 2D transistors is essential to enable their future application for beyond-silicon electronics. Here, the authors report a method to induce localized tensile strain in monolayer MoS2 transistors, leading to enhanced electron mobilities up to 185 cm2/Vs and an 8-fold increase of the on-state current densities. Xia Liu, Berke Erbas & Juergen Brugger Article 13 August 2024 | Open Access Real-space imaging for discovering a rotated node structure in metal-organic framework Resolving the structures of MOFs is significant for understanding their structure-property relation. Here, authors apply a low-dose imaging technique to resolve the atomic structures of building units in MOF MIL-125. A low-symmetry structure of MIL-125 is discovered by directly imaging the rotated Ti-O nodes, different from the unrotated one predicted in previous works. Jiale Feng, Zhipeng Feng & Boyuan Shen Article 13 August 2024 | Open Access In-plane staging in lithium-ion intercalation of bilayer graphene Lithium-ion intercalation of bilayer graphene is shown to proceed via four distinct stages corresponding to different ordered in-plane arrangements of Li ions, commensurate with the underlying graphene lattices in both AA and AB stacking configurations. Thomas Astles, James G. McHugh & Irina V. Grigorieva Article 13 August 2024 | Open Access Half-quantum mirror Hall effect Symmetry considerations can give rise to various Hall effects in solid-state platforms. Here, the authors predict a half-quantized mirror Hall effect in a strong topological insulator. Bo Fu, Kai-Zhi Bai & Shun-Qing Shen Article 13 August 2024 | Open Access Wide-range and high-accuracy wireless sensor with self-humidity compensation for real-time ammonia monitoring This work proposes a wireless inductor-capacitor chemical sensor with self-humidity compensation for real-time and accurate ammonia detection, providing a significant tool for individually rationalizing strategies toward various applications. Wen Lv, Jianhua Yang & Zhi Yang Article 13 August 2024 | Open Access Single neuromorphic memristor closely emulates multiple synaptic mechanisms for energy efficient neural networks Biological neural networks demonstrate complex memory and plasticity functions. This work proposes a single memristor based on SrTiO3 that emulates six synaptic functions for energy efficient operation. The bio-inspired deep neural network is trained to play Atari Pong, a complex reinforcement learning task in a dynamic environment. Christoph Weilenmann, Alexandros Nikolaos Ziogas & Alexandros Emboras Article 12 August 2024 | Open Access Orthogonal bioconjugation targeting cysteine-containing peptides and proteins using alkyl thianthrenium salts Late-stage specific and selective modifications of peptides and proteins at target residues under ambient conditions are the most facile routes to various bioconjugates. Here, the authors report an orthogonal modification of cysteine residues using alkyl thianthreium salts, which proceeds with excellent chemoselectivity and compatibility under mild conditions, introducing a diverse array of functional structures. Guangjun Bao, Xinyi Song & Rui Wang Article 12 August 2024 | Open Access Photoelectrochemical Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl bromides with amine at ultra-low potential The reaction types of photoelectrocatalytic organic synthesis (PECOS) are limited to simple oxidation and C–H activation at current stage while metal catalysis for the construction of C(sp2)–N bonds remains unexplored. Here, the authors introduce a PEC method that successfully engages Ni catalysis for the mild production of aniline derivatives. Jinghao Wang, Siyang Li & Zhiyong Tang Article 12 August 2024 | Open Access Nacre-like surface nanolaminates enhance fatigue resistance of pure titanium Most strategies to improve fatigue resistance address either crack initiation or growth. Here, the authors design a gradient-structured Ti with nacre-like surface nanolaminates that increase fatigue performance by suppressing both stages of cracking Yong Zhang, Chenyun He & Shan-Tung Tu Article 12 August 2024 | Open Access Dehydration regulates structural reorganization of dynamic hydrogels Hydrogels have attracted much attention due to their intrinsic viscoelastic properties, porous structures, and processability but dehydration of hydrogels often limits the application of these materials. Here, the authors report the distinctive anisotropic dehydration modality of dynamic hydrogels, which is fundamentally different from the more commonly observed isotropic dehydration of covalent hydrogels. Dan Xu, Xintong Meng & Kai Zhang Article 12 August 2024 | Open Access Atom-pair engineering of single-atom nanozyme for boosting peroxidase-like activity Designing and enhancing the performance of metal single-atom nanozymes (SAzymes) through atom-pair engineering is important yet difficult. Here the authors develop the atom-pair engineering of Zn-SA/CNCl SAzyme by concurrently creating Zn-N4 sites as catalytic sites and Zn-N4Cl1 sites as catalytic regulators. Shengjie Wei, Wenjie Ma & Yadong Li Article 12 August 2024 | Open Access Enantioselective SN1-type reaction via electrochemically generated chiral α-Imino carbocation intermediate Carbocations are useful synthetic intermediates which enable direct functionalization of carbon centers, but their generation in a manner that uses mild conditions and enables stereoselective interception remains a longstanding goal of organic chemists. Here, the authors use electrochemical enamine oxidation to synthesize chiral scaffolds from racemic α-branched aldehydes. Qifeng Lin, Yingdong Duan & Sanzhong Luo Article 12 August 2024 | Open Access Iodine-induced self-depassivation strategy to improve reversible kinetics in Na-Cl2 battery An iodine-induced self-depassivation strategy extends Na-Cl2 battery life to 2000 cycles by forming high-reactivity NaCl and lowering the chlorine conversion polarization, which successfully solves a key failure mechanism for superior reversibility. Wenting Feng, Xinru Wei & Linjie Zhi Article 12 August 2024 | Open Access Defects tune the acidic strength of amorphous aluminosilicates Is it possible to fine-tune the acidity of amorphous aluminosilicates? Here authors use defect engineering as a method to optimize acidity, bridging the porosity and acidity gaps between amorphous aluminosilicates and crystalline zeolites. Rishi Verma, Charvi Singhvi & Vivek Polshettiwar Article 12 August 2024 | Open Access Synchronized crystallization in tin-lead perovskite solar cells The film quality of Sn-Pb perovskites is compromised by the asynchronous crystallization. Here, the authors introduce a noncovalent binding agent to target unsaturated Sn(II) solvate, achieving certified efficiency of 24.13% for operationally stable single-junction Sn-Pb perovskite solar cells. Yao Zhang, Chunyan Li & Han Chen Article 11 August 2024 | Open Access Acoustically shaped DNA-programmable materials DNA nanotechnology is useful in preparing nano- and meso-components, but transfer to macroscale arrangements is challenging. Here, the authors report an assembly approach combining DNA programmable assembly with process controlled by acoustic fields to prepare macroscale morphologies. Z. A. Arnon, S. Piperno & O. GangArticle 11 August 2024 | Open Access Laser harmonic generation with independent control of frequency and orbital angular momentum The authors present the generation of laser harmonics with tunable orbital angular momentum by directing a laser at shaped targets. The combined frequency and OAM spectrum can be controlled via the target shape and the pump laser topology. Raoul Trines, Holger Schmitz & Robert Bingham Article 11 August 2024 | Open Access Multimodal tactile sensing fused with vision for dexterous robotic housekeeping The authors report a multimodal tactile sensor with perceptions of pressure, temperature, material thermal property, texture, slippage, and a robotic decision-making tactile-visual fusion architecture which allows robots for dexterous housekeeping. Qian Mao, Zijian Liao & Rong Zhu Article 11 August 2024 | Open Access Guiding charged particles in vacuum via Lagrange points Transporting charged particles in a guided manner, similar to how optical fibers carry light signals, has the potential to profoundly impact the scientific and technological landscape. Here, the authors propose a viable method to realize these waveguides by leveraging Lagrange points created by the electrostatic potential around a carefully designed twisted wire in a vacuum. Haokun Luo, Yunxuan Wei & Demetrios N. Christodoulides Article 10 August 2024 | Open Access Copper-catalysed asymmetric annulation of yne-allylic esters with amines to access axially chiral arylpyrroles The construction of atropisomers with 1,2-diaxes, while maintaining high enantiocontrol, presents a significant challenge due to the dynamic nature of steric hindrance at ortho-aryl substituents. Herein, the authors report the synthesis of diverse atropisomeric arylpyrroles with 1,2-diaxes, and C–C and C–N axes via a remote stereocontrol strategy. Chaochao Yao, Dan-Ran Li & Hao Xu Article 10 August 2024 | Open Access Molecular control via dynamic bonding enables material responsiveness in additively manufactured metallo-polyelectrolytes Metallopolyelectrolytes are versatile materials for various applications, utilizing dynamic, reversible electrostatic interactions. However, the knowledge gap between molecular-level chemistry and material properties persists. Here, the authors present a framework combining theoretical and experimental insights, highlighting the interplay of molecular parameters in governing material properties. Seola Lee, Pierre J. Walker & Julia R. Greer Article 10 August 2024 | Open Access On the origin of low-valent uranium oxidation state The authors investigate fundamental interactions in low-valent uranium compounds using resonant inelastic X-ray scattering, providing insights into their complex electronic structures and contributing to our understanding of actinide chemistry. C. L. Silva, L. Amidani & K. O. Kvashnina Article 10 August 2024 | Open Access Human tactile sensing and sensorimotor mechanism: from afferent tactile signals to efferent motor control The study explores the pathway from tactile signals to motor control using the integration of hand modeling and neural dynamics, enhancing understanding of sensorimotor mechanisms. These results aim to improve prosthetic design and robotic applications. Yuyang Wei, Andrew G. Marshall & Guowu Wei Article 10 August 2024 | Open Access Molecular interaction induced dual fibrils towards organic solar cells with certified efficiency over 20% The nanoscale fibrillar morphology of the photoactive layer is critical to improve performance of organic solar cells. Here, the authors incorporate thiophene terminal groups in the non-fullerene acceptor, realizing nanofibrils with enhanced structural order and certified device efficiency of 20%. Chen Chen, Liang Wang & Tao Wang Article 10 August 2024 | Open Access Acoustofluidic-based therapeutic apheresis system Existing apheresis devices cannot accommodate small blood volumes in infants or small animals. Here, the authors have successfully performed highly efficient plasma apheresis in mouse models, each with a blood volume of just 280 μl. Mengxi Wu, Zhiteng Ma & Tony Jun Huang Article 10 August 2024 | Open Access Intramolecular chalcogen bonding activated SuFEx click chemistry for efficient organic-inorganic linking Establishing efficient covalent linkages between functional organic molecules and inorganic materials remains a significant challenge. Herein, the authors report an intramolecular chalcogen bonding activated SuFEx click chemistry and establish a clickable platform for the efficient linkage of organic compounds and inorganic materials. Minlong Wang, Jiaman Hou & Jie An Article 10 August 2024 | Open Access Covalent penicillin-protein conjugates elicit anti-drug antibodies that are clonally and functionally restricted Penicillin and other β-lactam drugs form protein adducts that can facilitate allergic and other drug-directed responses. Here, Deimel et al. describe the pharmacokinetic, immunologic and structural determinants of anti-penicillin antibodies. Lachlan P. Deimel, Lucile Moynié & Quentin J. Sattentau Article 10 August 2024 | Open Access Symbolic metaprogram search improves learning efficiency and explains rule learning in humans How do humans learn complex rules from small available data? Rule et al introduce metaprogram learning as a model that fits human behaviour in complex learning situations. Unlike previous approaches, this model is based on programs revising programs, making it more efficient. Joshua S. Rule, Steven T. Piantadosi & Joshua B. Tenenbaum Article 10 August 2024 | Open Access Optimized inhaled LNP formulation for enhanced treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis via mRNA-mediated antibody therapy Inhaled lipid nanoparticles face several challenges when delivered to the lungs. Here, the authors show “LOOP”-optimized iLNP-HP08LOOP could withstand shear damage generated during nebulization process and be used to develop mRNA-mediated antibody therapy for treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Xin Bai, Qijing Chen & Xue-Qing Zhang